“Collaborating” with AI: Taking a System View to Explore the Future of Work

2023 | Organization Science | Citations: 0

Authors: Anthony, Callen; Bechky, Beth A.; Fayard, Anne-Laure

Abstract: In the wake of media hype about artificial intelligence (AI)/human collaboration ... Expand

Abstract: In the wake of media hype about artificial intelligence (AI)/human collaboration, organizations are investing considerable resources into developing and using AI. In this paper, we draw on theories of technology in organizations to frame new directions for the study of what it means to work “with” AI. Drawing on prior literature, we consider how interactions between users and AI might unfold through theoretical lenses which cast technology as a tool and as a medium. Reflecting on how AI technologies diverge from technologies studied in the past, we propose a new perspective, which considers technology as a counterpart in a system of work that includes its design, implementation, and use. This perspective encourages developing a grounded understanding of how AI intersects with work, and therefore ethnography, building on thick descriptions, is an apt approach. We argue that relational ethnographic approaches can assist organization theorists in navigating the methodological challenges of taking a counterpart perspective and propose several strategies for future research. Collapse

Topics: artificial intelligence spreadsheet human AI collaboration human computer interaction information system use

Methods: ethnography computational algorithm qualitative interview experiment theory development

Theories: theory of distributed cognition actor network theory

Public Opinion and Impression Management in the Communication of Performance During the Second Iraq War

2023 | Organization Science | Citations: 0

Authors: Audia, Pino G.; Rousseau, Horacio E.; Stimmler, Mary Kate

Abstract: Although studies show that organizations engaged in controversial actions often ... Expand

Abstract: Although studies show that organizations engaged in controversial actions often aim to minimize the release of threatening information, scholars know relatively little about what may prompt organizations to increase transparency in these situations. In this study, we focus on support from public opinion as a condition that may influence the disclosure of sensitive performance information to the public. Using the second Iraq War as an empirical context, we focus on the extent to which public officials—Pentagon spokespersons—release and frame information about war performance. This outcome is critical because the way in which organizations communicate their performance to outsiders has often been regarded as a key defensive impression management tactic. We hypothesize that high public support for the war will increase the likelihood that Pentagon officials release information about sensitive combat performance indicators in their press briefings and identify contingencies, such as adversity and organizational spokespersons’ power, that moderate this relationship. We also explore whether high public support decreases the strategic use of alternate performance frames that emphasize metrics that signal progress toward a desirable end state. Using a unique data set based on the coding of press briefings, public opinion data, and other public sources, we find support for several of our hypotheses. We discuss implications for understanding the relationship between public opinion and impression management and highlight the importance of extending this research to nongovernmental organizations. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1598. Collapse

Topics: armed conflict organization structure website database system terrorist incident

Methods: logistic regression descriptive statistic statistical hypothesis test regression analysis method theory development

Theories: accountability theory

Theorizing Organizational Benevolence

2023 | Organization Science | Citations: 0

Authors: Beveridge, ‘Alim J.; Höllerer, Markus A.

Abstract: We extend research on stakeholder orientation by introducing and conceptualizing ... Expand

Abstract: We extend research on stakeholder orientation by introducing and conceptualizing “organizational benevolence”—a notion that refers to a firm’s inclination to pursue the welfare of an external stakeholder group as an end in itself manifested in a behavioral tendency in which benefiting the “other” is the ultimate goal of action. Employing a microfoundational approach, we propose a theoretical framework and a process model that explain how firms develop such a posture and how it eventually can become an enduring feature of these organizations. We build our framework on the core notion of collective commitment to the well-being of an external constituency by elaborating on the processes through which such collective commitment is mobilized, translated into collective intention, and stabilized in a behavioral tendency. Our article develops several propositions highlighting the crucial roles that emotionality and rhetoric play in these processes, alongside an enabling sociocognitive infrastructure. Overall, our work goes substantially beyond current theorizing and provides a detailed account for why some firms not founded with a prosocial mission nonetheless act consistently to benefit an external constituency in the absence of instrumental reasons to do so. Collapse

Methods: theory development business process modeling

Theories: stakeholder theory organizational theory

The Evaluation of Founder Failure and Success by Hiring Firms: A Field Experiment

2023 | Organization Science | Citations: 0

Authors: Botelho, Tristan L.; Chang, Melody

Abstract: Organizations tout the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship. Yet, when ... Expand

Abstract: Organizations tout the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship. Yet, when hiring it remains unclear how they evaluate entrepreneurial human capital—namely, job candidates with founder experience. How hiring firms evaluate this experience—and especially how this evaluation varies by entrepreneurial success and failure—reveals insights into the structures and processes within organizations. Organizations research points to two perspectives related to the evaluation of founder experience: Former founders may be advantaged, due to founder experience signaling high-quality capabilities and human capital, or disadvantaged, due to concerns related to fit and commitment. To identify the dominant class of mechanisms driving the evaluation of founder experience, it is important to consider how these evaluations differ, depending on whether the founder’s venture failed or succeeded. To isolate demand-side mechanisms and hold supply-side factors constant, we conducted a field experiment. We sent applications varying the candidate’s founder experience to 2,400 software engineering positions in the United States at random. We find that former founders received 43% fewer callbacks than nonfounders and that this difference is driven by older hiring firms. Further, this founder penalty is greatest for former successful founders, who received 33% fewer callbacks than former failed founders. Our results highlight that mechanisms related to concerns about fit and commitment, rather than information asymmetry about quality, are most influential when hiring firms evaluate former founders in our context. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1592. Collapse

Topics: IT career human resource management entrepreneurship systems development innovation management

Methods: qualitative interview field experiment theory development experiment experimental design

Theories: lemon market theory

A Comparative Analysis of Seven Smart City Development Projects: Institutional, Economic, Technical, and Policy Perspectives

2023 | HICSS | Citations: 0

Authors: Choi, J.; Caicedo, C.

Abstract: This paper argues for the use of a multifaceted, and contextualized approach to ... Expand

Abstract: This paper argues for the use of a multifaceted, and contextualized approach to smart city development by unpacking how individual smart city initiatives have planned and implemented diverse projects based on their distinct environments, stakeholders, and goals. We evaluated and compared the institutional, economic, technical and policy characteristics of seven smart city initiatives (Montgomery, San Diego, New York City, Calgary, London, Vienna, Singapore). Our findings demonstrate three principal implications in smart city development. First, the surveyed smart cities established concrete cases for the use of different project development models in terms of leadership and governance styles, adoption of smart city applications, and planning and management strategies. Second, such differences stemmed from the multifaceted interactions that link environment, stakeholders, and goals. Finally, knowledge management (KM) played a crucial role in ensuring the accumulation and transferability of organizational and policymaking infrastructure within and between smart city initiatives. Collapse

Topics: smart city privacy innovation management mobile system mobile application

Methods: survey synthesis cross sectional research literature study structured literature research

Does the new entrant eat my pie or enlarge my pie? Market entry investigation in the online-to-offline on-demand context

2023 | Decision Support Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Dai, Hongyan; Ta, La; Xu, Xun

Abstract: The facilitation of information technology has led to the rapid development of o ... Expand

Abstract: The facilitation of information technology has led to the rapid development of online-to-offline commerce, and this mode is attracting increasing businesses to enter the market. Its unique on-demand features affect con­ sumers’ shopping behaviors. This study uses a difference-in-difference approach with propensity score matching and machine learning approaches to examine the impact of a new giant online-to-offline entrant on consumers’ ordering and spending behavior. We find that overall, the new entrant has a negative impact on consumers’ ordering and spending from the perspective of existing providers. This negative impact is amplified if the con­ sumers are highly engaged on the platform. However, the new entrant effect is reduced if the providers use inhouse rather than outsourced deliverymen or consumers have a relatively long distance from the new entrant. Furthermore, the new entrant effect is altered if the platform implements technological innovation. On a provider level, the new entrant has a direct negative impact on consumers’ ordering and spending from homogenous providers; however, a positive spillover effect is observed in terms of increasing consumers’ spending on het­ erogeneous providers. The direct effect occurs immediately, while the spillover effect appears in a time-lagged pattern. On a product level, we find that the new entrant negatively affects consumers’ ordering and spending on substitute products also sold by the new entrant, but that their spending on non-substitute products is boosted. Our findings provide decision support for the new entrant and existing providers to expand the market to stimulate consumers’ purchase from both, to enhance their financial performance. Collapse

Topics: decision support digital innovation innovation management electronic commerce financial performance

Methods: experimental group k-means clustering machine learning computational algorithm Student's t-test

External Interfaces or Internal Processes? Market Positioning and Divergent Professionalization Paths in Young Ventures

2023 | Organization Science | Citations: 0

Authors: DeSantola, Alicia; Gulati, Ranjay; Zhelyazkov, Pavel I.

Abstract: We explore how the initial market positioning of entrepreneurial ventures shapes ... Expand

Abstract: We explore how the initial market positioning of entrepreneurial ventures shapes how they professionalize over time, focusing specifically on the development of functional roles. In contrast to existing literature, which presumes a uniform march toward professionalization as ventures scale and complete developmental milestones, we advance a contingent perspective, distinguishing between the development of external interface functions (marketing & sales and customer development) and internal process functions (accounting, human resources, and finance). Specifically, we argue that positioning in an unconventional market space raises demand for external engagement that focuses ventures’ attention and resources toward developing external interface roles. At the same time, such unconventional ventures are less apt to elaborate their internal process roles relative to more conventional peers. We test these predictions using a novel longitudinal data set on the internal organizations of 3,748 U.S.-based entrepreneurial ventures. In contrast to common assumptions of convergent professionalization, our theory and findings advance the perspective that ventures pursue divergent professionalization paths based on their initial market positioning as they scale up. Funding: This research was generously funded in part by a Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation Dissertation Fellowship awarded to the first author. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1561. Collapse

Topics: accounting marketing management human resource management database system entrepreneurship

Methods: qualitative interview robustness check longitudinal research statistical hypothesis test descriptive statistic

Theories: organizational theory contingency theory

Someone Else to Blame: The Effectiveness of Egocentric and Alter-Centric Impression Management Tactics in the U.S. Food Retail Industry

2023 | Organization Science | Citations: 0

Authors: Diestre, Luis; Montauti, Martina; Pinto de Sousa, Helena

Abstract: We investigate the effectiveness of two types of impression management tactics i ... Expand

Abstract: We investigate the effectiveness of two types of impression management tactics implemented around negative attributes: egocentric (claiming the absence or low presence of a negative attribute in a focal organization) and alter-centric tactics (claiming the greater presence of a negative attribute in an organization’s competitor). We claim that the effectiveness of each tactic depends on the risk of audiences’ skepticism, which stems from the incongruence between the information conveyed in the tactic and audiences’ default expectations about the presence of the attribute among members of a given market segment. Audiences expect a conspicuous presence of the attribute, we propose, the more stakeholders contest a market segment for that very attribute. Thus, we advance that egocentric (alter-centric) tactics are less likely to be effective for contested (uncontested) attributes because the information conveyed in such tactics clashes with audiences’ default expectations, triggering skepticism. We find support for our predictions looking at the impact of nutrient content claims on product sales in the U.S. food retail industry between 2006 and 2015. Funding: H. Pinto de Sousa acknowledges the support, in the form of a research scholarship, granted by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia), under the European Social Fund and the Human Capital Operational Program (Programa Operacional Capital Humano) funding program [Grant SFRH/BD/128536/2017]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1612. Collapse

Topics: database system marketing management Twitter social influence sensemaking

Methods: experimental group survey descriptive statistic statistical hypothesis test probit regression

Disruption and Legitimacy: Big Data in Society

2023 | Information Systems Frontiers | Citations: 1

Authors: Ferreira, Carlos; Merendino, Alessandro; Meadows, Maureen

Abstract: The growing availability of data and the emergence of business analytics ecosyst ... Expand

Abstract: The growing availability of data and the emergence of business analytics ecosystems offer possibilities for companies developing innovative business models. However, the disruptive impact of these business models on society is not always judged favourably. This paper explores the growing tensions in the relationship between disruptive Big Data companies and society through the lens of legitimacy – a judgement about the fit and propriety of an entity, such as a company, to society. The study is based on four instrumental cases where Big Data organisations were faced with challenges to their legitimacy. The findings elaborate how digital transformations require companies to understand and manage how much to disrupt and how much to conform to social norms and values. Big Data businesses face a dynamic and paradoxical tension between the potential costs and benefits of their disruptive business models. The topic of legitimacy management is also addressed, drawing out implications for practice. Collapse

Topics: big data business model Airbnb Facebook disruptive innovation

Methods: case study literature sample qualitative content analysis archival research triangulation

Dissecting AI-Generated Fake Reviews: Detection and Analysis of GPT-Based Restaurant Reviews on Social Media

2023 | International Conference on Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Gambetti, Alessandro; Han, Qiwei

Abstract: Recent advances in generative models such as GPT may be used to fabricate indis ... Expand

Abstract: Recent advances in generative models such as GPT may be used to fabricate indistinguishable fake customer reviews at a much lower cost, posing challenges for social media platforms to detect this kind of content. This study addresses two research questions: (1) the effective detection of AI-generated restaurant reviews generated from high-quality elite authentic reviews, and (2) the comparison of out-of-sample predicted AI-generated reviews and authentic reviews across multiple dimensions of review, user, restaurant, and content characteristics. We fine-tuned a GPT text detector to predict fake reviews, significantly outperforming existing solutions. We applied the model to predict non-elite reviews that already passed the Yelp filtering system, revealing that AI-generated reviews typically score higher ratings, users posting such content have less established Yelp reputations and AI-generated reviews are more comprehensible and less linguistically complex than human-generated reviews. Notably, machine-generated reviews are more prevalent in low-traffic restaurants in terms of customer visits. Collapse

Topics: fake review artificial intelligence application programming interface open source pandemic

Methods: machine learning survey computational algorithm sensitivity analysis ANOVA