AI Washing: The Framing Effect of Labels on Algorithmic Advice Utilization

2023 | International Conference on Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Leffrang, Dirk; Mueller, Oliver

Abstract: Many researchers and practitioners see artificial intelligence as a game change ... Expand

Abstract: Many researchers and practitioners see artificial intelligence as a game changer compared to classical statistical models. However, some software providers engage in "AI washing", relabeling solutions that use simple statistical models as AI systems. By contrast, research on algorithm aversion unsystematically varied the labels for advisors and treated labels such as "artificial intelligence" and "statistical model" synonymously. This study investigates the effect of individual labels on users' actual advice utilization behavior. Through two incentivized online within-subjects experiments on regression tasks, we find that labeling human advisors with labels that suggest higher expertise leads to an increase in advice-taking, even though the content of the advice remains the same. In contrast, our results do not suggest such an expert effect for advice-taking from algorithms, despite differences in self-reported perception. These findings challenge the effectiveness of framing intelligent systems as AI-based systems and have important implications for both research and practice. Collapse

Topics: artificial intelligence decision making individual characteristic user experience user behavior

Methods: computational algorithm experiment survey longitudinal research within subject experiment

WHEN TO SET GOALS THAT HOLD? LONGITUDINAL EVIDENCE FROM INFORMATION SYSTEM-SUPPORTED SMOKING CESSATION

2023 | European Conference On Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Li, Tong; Laato, Samuli; Yang, Yang

Abstract: Goal setting literature suggests that individuals set their goals more frequent ... Expand

Abstract: Goal setting literature suggests that individuals set their goals more frequently on temporal landmarks, e.g. the New Year's Day (known as the fresh start effect). What remains unclear is whether setting goals on temporal landmarks has also a positive impact on goal attainment. We investigated goal setting and attainment behaviours in the context of an information system dedicated to smoking cessation with design features to promote such behaviours. We collected data from almost 1 million unique participants from 2015 to 2021 and studied the effects of goals set on temporal landmarks on goal attainment for two groups: (1) participants in their first attempts; and (2) participants who continuously set the same goal. The results show that setting goals on temporal landmarks has mostly a negative influence on goal attainment for the first group. However, for the second group, setting goals on temporal landmarks is largely positively correlated with goal attainment. Collapse

Topics: mobile application electronic health individual characteristic anonymity

Methods: longitudinal research theoretical contribution statistical hypothesis test self reported survey descriptive statistic

Theories: goal setting theory

CARING ABOUT EMPLOYEES’ HEALTH@WORK – UNDERSTANDING HEALTH BELIEFS AND THE USE OF DIGITAL HEALTH INTERVENTIONS

2023 | European Conference On Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Weißenfels, Silke; Kappler, Karolin; Smolnik, Stefan

Abstract: Employees find contemporary ways of working very demanding. Blurred boundaries ... Expand

Abstract: Employees find contemporary ways of working very demanding. Blurred boundaries between life and work cause technostress and considerable mental strain. To overcome these shortcomings, digital health interventions (DHIs) possess the power to prevent employees from suffering health-related issues at and due to their work. We developed a theoretically sound instrument employing a unified conceptualization of health beliefs, technology acceptance, privacy concerns, and autonomy to predict preventive health and technology use behavior at work. Accordingly, we conducted a survey-based study to investigate the factors influencing DHIs use for preventive health behavior at work. Our empirical results emphasize that employees undertake a cost-benefit analysis, valuing the benefits of reducing health threats and the perceived usefulness of DHIs for taking preventive actions at work. We confirm that privacy concerns and autonomy play a vital role. Our research outlines new avenues in DHIs use by contributing a valid theoretical framework for healthier work environments. through behavior change approaches (Pagoto and Bennett, 2013). For instance, wearables for selftracking (Giddens et al., 2017) that enable self-care and autonomy at work, enhance employees' health and well-being (Lupton, 2016). Against this background, we ask which beliefs and perceptions are important in evaluating the outcome of a particular behavior (Agarwal and Karahanna, 2000) as, for example, using DHIs for preventive health behavior at work. Surprisingly, despite the radical challenges of work practices with severe implications for employees, and the grown work around health interventions, the discourse on research referring to DHIs as facilitators of preventive health behavior in organizations is still in its infancy (Melzner et al., 2014;Yassaee and Mettler, 2019;Oesterle et al., 2019;Howarth et al., 2018). We shift our attention from technology use only and move toward an understanding of preventive health and technology use behavior, supported by DHIs in occupational settings. To address our research objectives, we refer to and extend previous research on preventive health behavior and technology use with multiple technological options beyond a narrow focus on which technology to use. Our work is rooted in research on health beliefs, based on the health belief model (HBM) (Rosenstock, 1974) considering the potential to initiate and change health behavior patterns (Abraham and Sheeran, 2005), and assuming that individuals attempt to avoid perceived health threats (Abraham and Sheeran, 2005;Rosenstock, 1974;Champion and Skinner, 2008). Additionally, we investigate employees' behavior in DHIs use at work. Interestingly, the decision-making process regarding technology use for health-related reasons differs from similar processes in other contexts (Sun et al., 2013). Hence, to understand employees' preventive health behavior supported by technology use, we expect that they intend to use DHIs, which, according to the technology acceptance model (TAM) (Davis, 1989;Venkatesh et al., 2003), is a result of systemrelated characteristics that we combine with health-related variables. Further, in offering voluntary DHIs use at work to encourage employees' empowerment, we have to consider their privacy concerns and autonomy, to engage them in healthy behavior at work (Roossien et al., 2021). As it is not clear whether or how health beliefs influence preventive health and technology use behavior at work, nor whether there is a link in-between, this paper seeks to answer the following research question: What impact do health beliefs, privacy concerns, and autonomy have on employees' DHIs use for preventive health behavior at work? More specifically, our research objectives are (1) to explore whether health beliefs influence employees' preventive health behavior at work, (2) to predict employees' technology use behavior of DHIs, (3) to empirically validate the link between health beliefs, DHIs use, and preventive health behavior, and (4) to theorize the influence of privacy concerns and autonomy on DHIs use at work. Our study follows the call to unfold and predict preventive health behavior through complex causal models (Champion and Skinner, 2008) and to demonstrate the interventions' effectiveness (Abraham and Sheeran, 2005). While DHIs have the potential to intervene in unhealthy (working) behavior, we suggest an analysis of the health-related beliefs and factors related to technology use. Therefore, our theoretical framework is to develop a deeper understanding of HBM and TAM as theoretical lenses and their interplay and to offer new perspectives that could ensure healthier work environments. In a quantitative research setting, we use an online-based survey to evaluate our hypothesized relations empirically. Our findings provide compelling evidence that technology use and preventive health behavior do not emerge in isolation. More precisely, our study demonstrates the relationship between health beliefs and system-related characteristics in DHIs use at work. These results help organizations to understand the conditions under which DHIs are likely to have an impact on employees' preventive health behavior and well-being in occupational settings, which can in turn develop into a meaningful quality of work (Rongen et al., 2013). The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 introduces the theoretical background for research on preventive health and technology use behavior and the development of our theoretical conceptualization for the quantitative analysis. Section 3 introduces our survey-based approach to address the research question. We present our analysis in Section 4. Our results and implications are summarized in Section 5 together with a discussion of related literature. Section 6 concludes the paper. Collapse

Topics: information system use information privacy concern perceived usefulness decision making technology adoption

Methods: survey partial least squares regression card sorting theory development factor analysis

Theories: technology acceptance model measurement theory health belief model

Segmentation preference and technostress: Integrators’ vs segmenters’ experience of technology-induced demands and related spill-over effects

2023 | Information & Management | Citations: 0

Authors: Becker, Julia; Lanzl, Julia

Abstract: Remote work is becoming the “new normal”, and more people are working in the hom ... Expand

Abstract: Remote work is becoming the “new normal”, and more people are working in the home office due to the COVID19 pandemic. Boundary management and the individual preferences to segment work and private life are a current topic of research as digital technologies have the potential to aggravate segmentation due to their invasive effect. In this context, we add to a current research stream on technostress, investigating technologydriven spill-over in a longitudinal study based on data assessed during the pandemic. The use of communica­ tion technologies leads to work-to-family stress due to the occurrence of techno-stressors interruptions, invasion, and overload. Differences between “segmenters” (people with a strong wish for separation) and “integrators” (who rather integrate life domains) were found. They experience techno-stressors differently in dependence on their technology use. Our paper offers interesting theoretical insights into boundary transcending effects of technology use. Recommendations for employers on how to shape the “new normal” are discussed. Collapse

Topics: information system use technostress pandemic self efficacy IT supported collaboration

Methods: longitudinal research survey structural equation modeling data transformation confirmatory factor analysis

Going Beyond Deterrence: A Middle-Range Theory of Motives and Controls for Insider Computer Abuse

2023 | Information Systems Research | Citations: 0

Authors: Burns, A. J.; Roberts, Tom L.; Posey, Clay; Lowry, Paul Benjamin; Fuller, Bryan

Abstract: Despite widespread agreement among practitioners and academicians that organizat ... Expand

Abstract: Despite widespread agreement among practitioners and academicians that organizational insiders are a significant threat to organizational information systems security, insider computer abuse (ICA)—unauthorized and deliberate misuse of organizational information resources by organizational insiders—remains a serious issue. Recent studies have shown that most employees are willing to share confidential or regulated information under certain circumstances, and nearly one-third to half of major security breaches are tied to insiders. These trends indicate that organizational security efforts, which generally focus on deterrence and sanctions, have yet to effectively address ICA. Therefore, leading security researchers and practitioners have called for a more nuanced understanding of insiders in respect to deterrence efforts. We answer these calls by proposing a middle-range theory of ICA that focuses on understanding the inherent tensions between insider motivations and organizational controls. Our careful review distinguishes two categories of personal motives for ICA: (1) instrumental (i.e., financial benefits) and (2) expressive (i.e., psychological contract violations) motives. Our novel theory of ICA also includes the influence of two classes of controls for ICA: (1) intrinsic (i.e., self-control) and (2) extrinsic (i.e., organizational deterrence) controls. We developed and empirically examined a research model based on our middle-range theory that explains a substantial portion of the variance in ICA. Specifically, our results indicate that both instrumental and expressive motives are positively related to ICA. Moreover, intrinsic self-control exerted significant direct and moderating influences in our research model, whereas extrinsic organizational deterrence failed to exhibit a direct effect on ICA and significantly moderated instrumental motives’ relationship with ICA only. Not only do our results show that self-control exerted a stronger effect on the model than deterrence did but they also help us identify the limits of deterrence in ICA research.History: Ola Henfridsson served as the senior editor and Debabrata Dey served as associate editor for this article.Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2022.1133. Collapse

Topics: IT security data security anonymity organizational control password

Methods: theory development partial least squares path modeling factor analysis data transformation PLS tool

Theories: control theory deterrence theory

Iterative Coordination and Innovation: Prioritizing Value over Novelty

2023 | Organization Science | Citations: 0

Authors: Ghosh, Sourobh; Wu, Andy

Abstract: An innovating organization faces the challenge of how to prioritize distinct goa ... Expand

Abstract: An innovating organization faces the challenge of how to prioritize distinct goals of novelty and value, both of which underlie innovation. Popular practitioner frameworks like Agile management suggest that organizations can adopt an iterative approach of frequent meetings to prioritize between these goals, a practice we refer to as iterative coordination. Despite iterative coordination’s widespread use in innovation management, its effects on novelty and value in innovation remain unknown. With the information technology firm Google, we embed a field experiment within a hackathon software development competition to identify the effect of iterative coordination on innovation. We find that iterative coordination causes firms to implicitly prioritize value in innovation: Although iteratively coordinating firms develop more valuable products, these products are simultaneously less novel. Furthermore, by tracking software code, we find that iteratively coordinating firms favor integration at the cost of knowledge-creating specialization. A follow-on laboratory study documents that increasing the frequency and opportunities to reprioritize goals in iterative coordination meetings reinforces value and integration, while reducing novelty and specialization. This article offers three key contributions: highlighting how processes to prioritize among multiple performance goals may implicitly favor certain outcomes; introducing a new empirical methodology of software code version tracking for measuring the innovation process; and leveraging the emergent phenomenon of hackathons to study new methods of organizing.History: This paper has been accepted for the Organization Science Special Issue on Experiments in Organizational Theory.Funding: The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from Google LLC, the Harvard Business School Division of Research and Faculty Development, and the National Science Foundation [Grant 1122374].Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1499. Collapse

Topics: innovation management Google+ productivity systems development application programming interface

Methods: experiment survey field experiment descriptive statistic laboratory experiment

Theories: theory of bounded rationality behavioral theory of the firm organizational theory

Integrating Technology Readiness, Learning Goal Orientation with TAM to explain E-learning adoption

2023 | Americas Conference on Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Joshi, Himanshu; Sondhi, Neena

Abstract: The present study is an attempt to measure the technology readiness (TR) and le ... Expand

Abstract: The present study is an attempt to measure the technology readiness (TR) and learning goal orientation (LGO) of Indian students pursuing Master of Business Administration (MBA) towards e-learning through an online survey of 201 students. This research proposes an integrated model that combines the TR dimensions (innovativeness, optimism, insecurity, and discomfort), LGO and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The model was tested using the PLS-SEM technique. The results indicated that the model is robust with satisfactory explanatory power. The findings revealed that the positive (innovativeness and optimism) and negative (insecurity and discomfort) personality traits of TR had the expected direction of relationships. Further, LGO had a significant impact on PEOU, PU, INT, and TASK-PERF. In line with the TAM model, the influence of PEOU and PU on INT, and PEOU on PU was positive and significant. The academic and practical implications of these results have been discussed in the paper. Collapse

Topics: online learning system productivity spreadsheet database system user acceptance

Methods: survey partial least squares path modeling conceptual modelling principal component analysis theoretical contribution

Theories: technology acceptance model

Antecedents and performance outcomes of employees’ data analytics skills: an adaptation structuration theory-based empirical investigation

2023 | European Journal of Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Shao, Zhen; Benitez, Jose; Zhang, Jing; Zheng, Hanqing; Ajamieh, Aseel

Abstract: How do organizations develop and manage employees’ data analytics skills to crea ... Expand

Abstract: How do organizations develop and manage employees’ data analytics skills to create business value and enhance organizational competitive advantage? In order to address this prominent and critical research question for IS research, we conceptualize and operationalize data analytics skills at the individual level and develop a nomological network model to examine its critical antecedents and outcomes from the lens of adaptation structuration theory. We test our core proposition and research model using survey data collected from 258 frontline employees of three data-intensive research institutes in China. We discover that data-driven culture, data analytics affordance, and individual absorptive capacity are positively associated with employees’ data analytics skills, which in turn, have positive influences on their task and innovative performance. We classify the employees into digital immigrants and digital natives based on age and examine the different influences of three salient antecedents on data analytics skills between the two groups. The research findings suggest that data-driven culture plays a more significant role in driving data analytics skills for digital immigrants, while data analytics affordance exhibits a stronger influence on data analytics skills for digital natives. Collapse

Topics: analytical information system absorptive capacity task productivity affordance usability

Methods: survey parametric test structural equation modeling statistical power analysis field study

Theories: theory of affordance structuration theory adaptive structuration theory

Phishing Susceptibility in Context: A Multilevel Information Processing Perspective on Deception Detection

2023 | Management Information Systems Quarterly | Citations: 0

Authors: Wright, Ryan; Johnson, Steven; Kitchens, Brent

Abstract: Despite widespread awareness of risks, significant investments in cybersecurity ... Expand

Abstract: Despite widespread awareness of risks, significant investments in cybersecurity protection, and substantial economic incentives to avoid security breaches, organizations remain vulnerable to phishing attacks. Phishing research has informed effective practical interventions to address phishing susceptibility that emphasize the importance of broadly applicable IT security knowledge. Yet employees still frequently fall victim to phishing attempts. To help understand why, we conceptualize phishing susceptibility as the failure to differentiate between deceptive and legitimate information processing requests that occur within the context of an employee's typical job responsibilities. We apply this contextual lens to identify characteristics of knowledge workers' organizational task and social context that may enhance or diminish performance in detecting deception in phishing email attempts. To test our hypotheses, we conducted a study in which employees of the finance division of a large university encountered simulated email-based phishing attempts as part of their normal work routine. We found evidence supporting our hypotheses that an individual's susceptibility to phishing attacks is influenced by their position in the knowledge flows of the organization and by the impact of workgroup responsibilities on their cognitive processing. We contend that phishing susceptibility is not merely a matter of IT security knowledge but is also influenced by contextualized, multilevel influences on information processing. As phishing attacks are increasingly targeted to specific organizational settings, it is even more important to incorporate this contextualized information processing view of phishing susceptibility. Collapse

Topics: phishing electronic mail system support IT security email phishing

Methods: theory development literature study simulation logistic regression survey

Use of Assistive and Interactive Technology and Relation to Quality of Life in Aging Adults

2022 | HICSS | Citations: 0

Authors: Hubner, Sarah; Blaskewicz Boron, Julie; Fruhling, Ann

Abstract: Maintaining quality of life while remaining independent are important goals for ... Expand

Abstract: Maintaining quality of life while remaining independent are important goals for aging adults. Recent advancements in technology have provided a variety of physical, cognitive, and social supports to facilitate achieving these goals. This study aimed to improve understanding of older adults’ technology needs, preferences, and use to inform development of innovations for this population. Results of this needs assessment revealed that basic technologies are becoming universal, while newer devices are beginning to be adopted; older, well-educated adults may represent early adopters of technology, Further, traditional barriers, including technology complexity and familiarity, may remain obstacles to adoption. This study suggests older adults use technology in ways that support goals and enhance control, autonomy, pleasure, and self-awareness. This research highlights how forthcoming investigations should continue to diversify understanding of technology needs, preferences, and use across sub-populations, and future technology development should utilize this information to tailor services and products to aging consumers. Collapse

Topics: smartphone innovation management smart speaker information system use electronic mail

Methods: survey literature study self reported survey statistical power analysis descriptive statistic