Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Information Systems: Perspectives to Responsible AI

2023 | Information Systems Frontiers | Citations: 2

Authors: Dennehy, Denis; Griva, Anastasia; Pouloudi, Nancy; Dwivedi, Yogesh K.; Mäntymäki, Matti; Pappas, Ilias O.

Abstract: example the responsible design and governance (Mäntymäki et al., 2022b) of AI ... Expand

Abstract: example the responsible design and governance (Mäntymäki et al., 2022b) of AI systems. While organisations are increasingly investing in ethical AI and Responsible AI (RAI) (Zimmer et al., 2022), recent reports suggest that this comes at a cost and may lead to burnout in responsible-AI teams (Heikkilä, 2022). Thus, it is critical to consider how we educate about RAI (Grøder et al., 2022) and rethink our traditional learning designs (Pappas & Giannakos, 2021), as this can influence end-users' perceptions towards AI applications (Schmager et al., 2023) as well as how future employees approach the design and implementation of AI applications (Rakova et al., 2021;Vassilakopoulou et al., 2022).The use of algorithmic decision-making and decisionsupport processes, particularly AI is becoming increasingly pervasive in the public sector, also in high-risk application areas such as healthcare, traffic, and finance (European Commission, 2020). Against this backdrop, there is growing concern over the ethical use and safety of AI, fuelled by reports of ungoverned military applications (Butcher and Beridze, 2019; Dignum, 2020), privacy violations attributed to facial recognition technologies used by the police (Rezende, 2022), unwanted biases exhibited by AI applications used by courts (Imai et al., 2020), and racial biases in clinical algorithms (Vyas et al. 2020). The opacity and lack of explainability frequently attributed to AI systems makes evaluating the trustworthiness of algorithmic decisions challenging even for technical experts, let alone the public. Together with the algorithm-propelled proliferation of misinformation, hate speech and polarising content on social media platforms, there is a high risk for erosion of trust in algorithmic systems used by the public sector (Janssen et al., 2020). Ensuring that people can trust in the algorithmic processes is essential not only for reaping the potential benefits from AI (Dignum, 2020) but also for fostering trust and resilience at a societal level.AI researchers and practitioners have expressed their fears about AI systems being developed that are Collapse

Topics: artificial intelligence IT governance decision making digital economy online learning system

Methods: chatbot theory development case study qualitative interview literature sample

Theories: technological frames of reference

To Stem the Tide: Organizational Climate and the Locus of Knowledge Transfer

2023 | Organization Science | Citations: 0

Authors: Di Stefano, Giada; Micheli, Maria Rita

Abstract: Prior work has maintained that organizations benefit from managing the transfer ... Expand

Abstract: Prior work has maintained that organizations benefit from managing the transfer of proprietary knowledge. Transfer is often advantageous within organizational boundaries but may be harmful across them, because it might erode competitive advantage. Hence, we ask: How can organizations affect the direction in which knowledge flows? We examine the role of organizational climate as a governing mechanism for knowledge transfer. Our empirical strategy consists of a mixed-methods approach leveraging qualitative and experimental data over two cycles of theory building and theory testing. We start with an extensive field study of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), leveraging the insights from desk research, field observations, 53 interviews, and a laboratory-in-the-field experiment involving 518 physicists. We then provide a causal test of the emerging framework by means of two laboratory experiments with 389 participants. Our findings suggest employees are more likely to transfer knowledge to their colleagues when they identify as an integral part of the organization, but they would rather transfer knowledge to outside competitors when their organization encourages them to outperform coworkers. In the presence of an organizational climate that is unfavorable to preventing knowledge spillovers, we argue, organizations can redirect the locus of knowledge transfer internally by acting upon an individual employee’s job design and socialization regime.History: This paper has been accepted for the Organization Science Special Issue on Experiments in Organizational Theory.Funding: The authors acknowledge generous financial support from Bocconi University, the HEC Foundation of HEC Paris, and IESEG School of Management.Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1551. Collapse

Topics: knowledge sharing electronic mail pandemic knowledge spillover strategic management

Methods: experiment qualitative interview field study theory development laboratory experiment

Theories: organizational theory

Challenges in the Model Development Process: Discussions with Data Scientists

2023 | Communications of the Association for Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Gerhart, Natalie; Torres, Russell; Giddens, Laurie

Abstract: Businesses are increasingly seeking out analytics to improve decision-making pr ... Expand

Abstract: Businesses are increasingly seeking out analytics to improve decision-making processes, although often with hesitations. Decision makers often do not have the sophisticated analytical skills needed to fully understand the analytics process. Contrastingly, data scientists may lack the business acumen needed to fully grasp the business context of the decision. In this research, we consider the perspective of the data scientist through a series of interviews to draw out challenges in the analytics process. We use principal-agent theory as a lens to shape our understanding of the conflict that arises due to goal misalignment and information asymmetry between the principal and agent. Findings are presented in the CRISP-DM process and a future research agenda is proposed. Collapse

Topics: decision making implicit knowledge data quality organizational impact organizational memory

Methods: Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining qualitative interview theory development mathematical model literature study

Theories: agency theory lemon market theory theory of bounded rationality

The Recursive Theory of Knowledge Augmentation: Integrating human intuition and knowledge in Artificial Intelligence to augment organizational knowledge

2023 | Information Systems Frontiers | Citations: 0

Authors: Harfouche, Antoine; Quinio, Bernard; Saba, Mario; Saba, Peter Bou

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) has increased the ability of organizations to accum ... Expand

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) has increased the ability of organizations to accumulate tacit and explicit knowledge to inform management decision-making. Despite the hype and popularity of AI, there is a noticeable scarcity of research focusing on AI's potential role in enriching and augmenting organizational knowledge. This paper develops a recursive theory of knowledge augmentation in organizations (the KAM model) based on a synthesis of extant literature and a four-year revised canonical action research project. The project aimed to design and implement a human-centric AI (called Project) to solve the lack of integration of tacit and explicit knowledge in a scientific research center (SRC). To explore the patterns of knowledge augmentation in organizations, this study extends Nonaka's SECI (socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization) model by incorporating the human-in-the-loop Informed Artificial Intelligence (IAI) approach. The proposed design offers the possibility to integrate experts' intuition and domain knowledge in AI in an explainable way. The findings show that organizational knowledge can be augmented through a recursive process enabled by the design and implementation of human-in-the-loop IAI. The study has important implications for research and practice. Collapse

Topics: artificial intelligence organizational memory explicit knowledge human in the loop human computer interaction

Methods: computational algorithm action research qualitative interview participant observation statistical hypothesis test

Theories: SECI model of knowledge dimensions organizational knowledge creation

The Impact of Human-Artificial Intelligence Partnerships on Organizational Learning

2023 | European Conference On Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Hendriks, Patrick; Sturm, Timo; Olt, Christian; Buxmann, Peter

Abstract: To make sense of their increasingly digital and complex environments, organizat ... Expand

Abstract: To make sense of their increasingly digital and complex environments, organizations strive for a future in which machine learning (ML) systems join humans in collaborative learning partnerships to complement each other's learning capabilities. While these so-called artificial assistants enable their human partners (and vice versa) to gain insights about unique knowledge domains that would otherwise remain hidden from them, they may also disrupt and impede each other's learning. To explore the virtuous and vicious dynamics that affect organizational learning, we conduct a series of agent-based simulations of different learning modes between humans and artificial assistants in an organization. We find that aligning the learning of humans and artificial assistants and allowing them to influence each other's learning processes equally leads to the highest organizational performance. Collapse

Topics: organization learning organizational memory knowledge base human AI collaboration artificial intelligence

Methods: simulation agent based simulation

Theories: theory of bounded rationality

The effects of knowledge mechanisms on employees' information security threat construal

2023 | Information Systems Journal | Citations: 1

Authors: Mady, Ashraf; Gupta, Saurabh; Warkentin, Merrill

Abstract: Organisations implement a variety of knowledge mechanisms such as information se ... Expand

Abstract: Organisations implement a variety of knowledge mechanisms such as information security education, training and awareness (SETA) programs and information security policies, to influence employees' secure behaviour. Despite increased efforts to provide information systems (IS) security knowledge to employees, data breaches and other security incidents resulting from insider behaviour continue. Recent IS security research, primarily grounded on assumptions of employees' rational assessment of numerous factors, has yielded inconsistent results. Challenging this paradigm, we model secure behaviour on security knowledge mechanisms, which focuses on the multidimensional nature of security knowledge breadth, depth and finesse to represent the full array of managerial levers. We further draw on construal level theory to conceptualise users' perceptual judgements of security messages. Two studies support our model, with the second building on the first. Study 1, an experiment with 312 participants, focused on validating the treatments. Study 2, a survey with 219 participants, validated the entire model. Results showed that our model has significantly more explanatory and predictive power than the orthodox paradigm. Our results have practical implications for optimising the organisation of knowledge mechanisms by emphasising the personal relevance of threats and defining the factors that lead to secure behaviour. We also contribute to the discourse on information security research and provide a template for integrating theories, thus opening new avenues for future research. Collapse

Topics: data security email phishing security policy IT security task complexity

Methods: survey experiment Student's t-test parametric test survey design

Theories: construal level theory security compliance theory

Driven to Distraction: The Unintended Consequences of Organizational Learning from Failure Caused by Human Error

2023 | Organization Science | Citations: 0

Authors: Park, Brian; Lehman, David W.; Ramanujam, Rangaraj

Abstract: Research to date offers inconclusive and even conflicting evidence regarding whe ... Expand

Abstract: Research to date offers inconclusive and even conflicting evidence regarding whether organizations learn from failure. The present study sheds new light on this debate by highlighting a previously overlooked factor: whether the failure was caused by human error. In attempts to learn from failure, organizational members tend to focus on simplified representations of experiences and, in doing so, distinguish between failures attributed to human errors versus other causes. Our core thesis is that failures resulting from human error attract significant amounts of attentional resources, thereby depleting the limited stock of organizational attention otherwise directed at managing the risk of failures resulting from other causes. We hypothesize that this disproportionate allocation of attention simultaneously is associated with both positive learning outcomes and negative side effects, specifically, a subsequent decrease in failures resulting from human error and also an increase in failures resulting from other causes. We also hypothesize that failures resulting from causes other than human error attract less organizational attention and, thus, lead to weaker learning outcomes. The proposed hypotheses were tested and supported using data from accident reports filed by natural gas pipeline operators with the U.S. Pipeline Hazardous Materials Safety Administration from 2002 to 2012. Additional analyses, including text analysis of accident reports, a series of simulations, and a supplementary study, point to organizational attention as the mechanism at play. Taken together, these findings suggest that organizational learning from failure caused by human error produces not only benefits, but also unintended consequences. Collapse

Topics: organization learning unintended consequence anonymity database system organizational memory

Methods: simulation archival research regression analysis method qualitative content analysis robustness check

Virtual integration in SMEs: The digitalization circuitry of dynamic strategic planning for SMEs

2023 | International Journal of Information Management | Citations: 0

Authors: Ojha, Divesh; Patel, Pankaj C.; Parida, Vinit

Abstract: Though digital technology adoption among SMEs is widely studied, a manifestation ... Expand

Abstract: Though digital technology adoption among SMEs is widely studied, a manifestation of digitalization – virtual integration, particularly its strategic benefits for SMEs – remains largely understudied. Virtual integration con­ nects and coalesces the interfaces of digitalization in SMEs. Though the need for externally oriented digitalization in SMEs is widely desired and espoused, virtual integration and the ensuing effect on Dynamic Strategic Planning (DSP) could be key factors in realizing higher performance. Using the information theory lens and knowledgebased view and a two-study empirical setup based on data from manufacturing and services firms, we draw on the Competence–Capability–Performance (CCP) framework. Specifically, we test a model of digitalization circuitry operational through the mediating effects of virtual integration and dynamic strategic planning (DSP). The ensuing interweaving effects of digitalization from virtual integration are manifest in DSP through fluid partnering, business continuity planning, and market acuity. We find that digitalization, manifested in the form of virtual integration, cascades through DSP to improve financial performance. Collapse

Topics: business continuity planning financial performance strategic management virtualization technology supply chain management

Methods: SEM tool theory development structural equation modeling survey statistical hypothesis test

Theories: dynamic capabilities theory knowledge based theory of the firm information theory

The maturation of digital objects in innovation projects: the role of interpersonal networks and team sharing atmosphere

2023 | European Journal of Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Rowe, Frantz; Te’eni, Dov; Merminod, Valéry

Abstract: Innovation projects rely increasingly on digital objects as a means of developin ... Expand

Abstract: Innovation projects rely increasingly on digital objects as a means of developing and sharing knowledge within an organisation. The maturation of a digital object is important because only those objects that mature lead to actual products. There is, however, a catch 22. For objects to mature, they have to be shared; conversely, only mature objects tend to be shared. This interplay between the functional and social dimensions of object maturation and its role in product development has not been researched.Building on the relational view of objects, we theorise product development as an ensemble of myopic maturation processes of objects that recursively move between formal and informal networks in the organisation using sharing systems such as Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). Investigating patterns, i.e., sequences of events, in these maturation processes is a way to understand how firms overcome this catch 22 situation.We study four product innovation projects in a home appliances company, tracing the maturation and sharing processes of three types of digital objects, namely marketing specifications, technical specifications and virtual prototypes. We find that sharing – maturation patterns are affected by interpersonal networks and by team sharing atmosphere. We also find that sharing and object maturation interactions are coordinated informally through interpersonal networks and formally through PLM systems and stage-gate mechanisms. Collapse

Topics: innovation management knowledge sharing organizational memory problem solving new product development

Methods: qualitative interview theory development longitudinal case study longitudinal research triangulation

Theories: organizational theory

Pathways to developing information technology-enabled capabilities in born-digital new ventures

2023 | International Journal of Information Management | Citations: 0

Authors: Sadreddin, Arman; Chan, Yolande E.

Abstract: Despite significant business opportunities made possible through advancements in ... Expand

Abstract: Despite significant business opportunities made possible through advancements in technology, readily available digital technologies are often overlooked and not used by new ventures. To address this knowledge gap, this paper looks at the relationships between readily available digital technologies and born-digital new venture capabilities. We use an affordance lens to explore conditions in which born-digital new ventures interact with digital technologies to actualize digital affordances that facilitate the development of important capabilities. First, using the existing literature, we present a research model and its key elements. Then, using data on new ventures in a Canadian university incubator, we conduct fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and develop seven configurational research propositions as pathways to develop information technology-enabled organizational capabilities in new ventures. Using this retroductive approach, this research builds a contextspecific middle-range theory that explains complex interactions between readily available digital technologies and new venture characteristics, where resources are provided by incubators in dynamic environments, to facilitate the development of ITOCs in the new ventures. We close by describing the study’s theoretical and practical implications. Collapse

Topics: affordance user experience information technology infrastructure website social media

Methods: qualitative interview theory development case study machine learning longitudinal research

Theories: theory of affordance dynamic capabilities theory fuzzy set theory set theory